Heart Of Darkness :: essays research papers

Many authors utilize loaded language to try and convey another possible meaning behind the story. However, it is often neglected and the reader never comes to such a realization. But it is quite clear through Joseph Conrad’s choice of words, that there is a suggestion of an allusionary meaning, which is the determination of heaven, hell, and purgatory.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Part one gives a wealth of information to suggest and alternate meaning. The way that I chose to interpret the beginning was that of the story of creation-a new boat, a new voyage, and a new life-just as Adam and Eve had begun. Marlow was starting off sinless and without a fault. Then, Marlow comes across “a man who [hung] himself.'; (p. 12) According to Catholicism, suicide is considered a sin,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Through the use of loaded language, Conrad assumes a direct relationship between the story of Adam and Eve to the man who hung himself. As Marlow and his companions walked through the countryside, they eventually wound up in a different location, an “inhabited devastation'; where there are people, a place where sinners reside.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This is a large contrast from where Marlow started out, which was seemingly the Garden of Eden. Reading the section of the story that I did consider the Garden of Eden, I felt quite empty, as if it was a place where only Marlow and his companions were. Conrad used detail in this section which really made me pick up on this feeling of loneliness.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When we finally arrive to the “inhabited devastation,'; the feeling that Marlow along with his companions are the only people there, evaporate. Immediately, the mountainous scenery strikes me. The details that Conrad gives of this specific places, gives me a very cold feeling. All around, the reader receives a geometric description of the natives, who are a part of the inhabited devastation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Just as Adam and Eve are out of place, the reader can assume the same of Marlow and his companions. However, we are not fully aware of one sin that Marlow has come across, the sin of suicide. It has to have played a part in their expulsion.

Website Analysis, Williams Principles :: essays research papers

The design of a website, as a whole, still involves many of the same principles as a linear document. That is, contrast, alignment, repetition and proximity should be consistent throughout the site. Choosing logical flexibility within these design elements can enhance a website to a desired level. On the flip side, overemphasizing differences between pages can lead to a poor design. The following analysis strays from applying the design principles in a traditional sense as we take a look how they are applied to the document as a whole. The Centre for Sustainable Design maintains a simple, yet professional appealing website. Style decisions using contrast on a black background for the homepage give the site a preliminary degree of credibility because it has been made known that the majority believes that white and black contrast is the easiest to read. Of course there is a san-serif font, like most other websites because serifs seem to be more difficult to read on a computer screen. Repetition in the focal graphics on the homepage begins to lead the audience to a comfort level within the site. The general template remains the same, with the navigation being on the left and the top, maintaining its black color and when you click one of the main focal points on the homepage, one of the four pictures, it takes you to another page that still have that same picture/focal point to a degree. Specifically, the repetition of size (170x142pixels), color (greyscale), and angle variance in the graphics create a complimenting montage. Each of the repetitious graphics also lead way into the article they represent. A repetitious feature is also utilized in the navigation bar above the graphics. A mouse rollover displays a description of each topic area. The text appears on a white-on-black contrast in the upper right corner, again leading the audience to what lies within the page. However, once the site is entered, the navigation bar loses the rollover feature. They could have simply copied the code from the homepage and changed the color of the text to allow for the repetition of the rollover feature. This would allow the audience to read the descriptions from pages within the site to determine their interest. The authors of this homepage may have guessed that the user would have looked at all the rollover information before deciding on which part to click on, therefore, making the rollover unnecessary in the following pages. However, making assumptions like that usually are not what really happens, the design should be the same throughout, with the same rollover text as the homepage to help the

History of the Bahamas Essay -- Essays Papers

History of the Bahamas The Bahama Islands were discovered on October 12, 1942 by Christopher Columbus. Columbus and his Spanish crew stumbled upon the archipelago while looking for a trade route to the wealth of the West Indies and named is San Salvador. (Craton, pg. 30) The Spanish settlers encountered the native Bahamians, the Lucayans upon thier arrival. The Lucayans were a primitive race of farmers and fisherman that had migrated north from Venezuela to escape the cannibalistic Caribs.(Bothwell, pg. 27) The hospitality of the natives was not returned by the Europeans and since the lucayans themselves were the only valuable commodity to the Spanish they were all enslaved and sent to Hispaniola to work and die in the mines or sent to dive in the pearl fisheries of Trinidad. (Craton, pg. 187) The name of the Islands originated from the explorer Jaun Ponce de Leon in 1513 who searched the archipelago for the "fountain of youth." After sailing through the islands he named them "Bajamar", the Spanish word for Shallow Waters.(Craton & Saunders, Vol. I, pg. 5) The first English Settlers of the Bahamas were puritans that fled Bermuda after Anglican and Puritan Conflicts arose. The Puritans formed the â€Å"Company of Elutherian Adventures† led by Captain William Sayle and escaped the religious persecution of Bermuda. The Puritans faced times of trouble when their ship was wrecked upon reaching the Islands. They called for aid from their Puritan friends in Massachusetts who undoubtedly saved their lives by sending them a shipment of goods. (Bothwell, 117) Many of the Puritan settlers found life to difficult in the Bahamas and by 1657 most of them returned to Bermuda. In 1670, Charles II granted the proprietors from the Carolinas the right to take over New Providence Island. A population close to five hundred settled the islands and grew cotton, tobacco and sugar cane. (Craton & Saunders, 194) GRAFICAS The lackadaisical approach of governing that consisted of heavy drinking and neglecting crops resulted in an open invitation for pirates. Pirates such as Black Beard ran amuck the throughout the islands for a quarter of a century until order was restored under the first royal governor, Captain Woodes Rogers. (Craton, pg. 251) ... ...of the German U-boat. American investment led to the development of airports and after the war the Bahamas became a popular tourist destination. (Craton and Saunders, 300) On January 7, 1964 the Bahamas attained internal self-government through a new constitution. The rise of the Progressive Liberal party created a dual party system along with the long dominant United Bahamian Party. The first leader of the Progressive Liberal Party and the first Negro premiere was Lynden O. Pindling. On July 10, 1973 under Pindling, the Bahamas was granted complete independence from Great Britain. His policies brought prosperity and stability to the Bahamas and the education system dramatically improved under his rule. He has faced controversy over his deliberate ignorance or possible role in the drug crime wave of the 1970’s and 80’s. (Craton & Saunders, Vol. II, pg. 378) He was outvoted in 1992 and replaced by the current Prime Minister, Hubert Ingraham, a member of the Free National Movement party. Under Ingraham, the country has expanded its economy and foreign industry creating a stronger sense of national identity and preserving peace and prosperity throughout the islands.

Banh Xeo an La Ghien

Executive Summary This report will discuss about ‘An La Ghien’ Restaurants (Dang Truong Ltd Company) in Vietnam. These restaurants provide to consumers Banh Xeo, which is one of the most famous traditional food in Vietnam. Firstly, the report will mention about the background of the company. Due to the passion of the traditional food of the owners and the high demand of tradition food in Vietnam, Dang Truong Ltd Company opened their first ‘An La Ghien’ Restaurant in Ho Chi Minh City. Secondly, the innovation of the owners that adds the value to the success of the company is also discussed.Their Innovation type is Duplication. Next, the report will analyze the strategies that the firm has applied that are Product & market development strategy, Positioning & differentiation strategies, store expansion and brand building. The last part is some recommendation that the firm should concern to continue growing and expanding in this industry. Contents Executive Summ ary3 I. Introduction:5 II. Company Background:5 III. Innovation:6 IV. Business Strategies and Success Factors:8 a)Product and market development strategy:8 b)Positioning and Differentiation strategies:8 c)The Store Expansion Strategy:10 )Building a strong brandname:10 V. Recommendation:11 a)Geography Expansion Strategy:11 b)Promotional Mix:11 VI. Conclusion:12 VII. Reference List:13 Introduction: Dang Truong Ltd Company or ‘An La Ghien’ Restaurant has opened since 2008. It was established by Mr. Dang Hoai Phong and her wife, Truong Thi Thanh Truc, because of their traditional food passion. ‘An La Ghien’ provides many kind of ‘Banh Xeo’, a kind of Vietnamese traditional pancakes. With the unique taste of their products, Banh Xeo â€Å"An La Ghien† has become one of the famous traditional food restaurants brand names in Ho Chi Minh City after 5 years operation.Until now, Dang Truong Company has 4 ‘An La Ghien’ Branches along H o Chi Minh City. According to Huy Hiep (2010) ‘An La Ghien’ restaurant becomes one of the top 10 distinctive food restaurants of Ho Chi Minh City. This document will analyse the strategy of the company and the critical success factors that has led â€Å"An La Ghien† to survive and grow rapidly. Moreover, it also gives the recommendations for the company in order to sustain their growth. Figure 1: Reproduced from: An La Ghien restaurant 2008 Company Background: It can be seen that â€Å"Banh Xeo† is a traditional food of Vietnam; it was highly accepted by Vietnamese for a long time ago.People who live in Ho Chi Minh City are mostly from countryside of Vietnam, they migrate to Ho Chi Minh City in order to work and live. Therefore, those people always miss the taste of countryside foods. It has led to the high demand of Banh Xeo that has traditional taste, countryside taste. Moreover, the tourism of Vietnam has been developed rapidly in recently years. It is the fastest growth in ASEA (My Hanh 2010). It means the number of tourist come to Vietnam is increased. Furthermore, foreign tourists always want to try Vietnamese traditional food and have countryside sightseeing. According to Ngan Hao (2010), Mr.Phong and Mrs. Truc, the owners of â€Å"An La Ghien† Restaurants, are from the South-Western of Vietnam where is known as the original place of â€Å"Banh Xeo†. In the past, family of Mr. Phong and Mrs. Truc had tradition of making Banh Xeo, so they have the hereditary formula for making origianal ‘Banh Xeo’. With above condition of development of tourism and high demand of traditional foods in Ho Chi Minh City, ‘An La Ghien’ Restaurant was opened the first branch in 2008 by Mr. Phong and Mrs. Truc. With that hereditary formula, Banh Xeo of â€Å"An La Ghien† is very crisp; it has a unique flavor and traditional taste.Besides the unique taste, the firm are design follow the countryside style; all of tables, chairs are made from bamboo. It attracts a huge amount of foreign customers come to â€Å"An La Ghien† restaurants. [pic] Figure 2: Reproduced from An La Ghien 2008 Innovation: The factor that contributed in the success of â€Å"An La Ghien† Restaurants is Innovation in Thinking. Innovation is the development of original ideas that create a new, better things (McShane & Travaglione 2007). With the Innovation of Mrs. Truc and the group of chef of â€Å"An La Ghien† restaurants, they have created many ideas of making â€Å"Banh Xeo†.In tradition, there is only one kind of Banh Xeo that is made from rice powder, shrimp, pork and bean sprouts. Adopting the ideas from making pizzas, â€Å"An La Ghien† has try to apply many new kind materials in order to create a new kind of Banh Xeo. Untill now, there are approximately 10 kinds of Banh Xeo in â€Å"An La Ghien† restaurants, for example, White crab mushroom Banh Xeo, Japanese Abalo n Mushroom Banh Xeo and Day-Lily Flower Banh Xeo. [pic] Figure 3: Adopted from An La Ghien website (2008) All kinds of new Banh Xeo that are created by â€Å"An La Ghien† are very delicious, good for the health.The Innovation of â€Å"An La Ghien† restaurants has strengthened the product development strategy of the company, it help attracting more and more consumers by those unique products, taste and quality. The unique products are the differentiation of the company. According to Kuratko (2009) the innovation of ‘An La Ghien’ Restaurant is Duplication which is the replication of an existing product. Banh Xeo is a traditional food of Vietnam, but it has only 1 kind of Banh Xeo. ‘An La Ghien’ has used their creative thinking to create many new kinds of Banh Xeo. Business Strategies and Success Factors: Product and market development strategy:According to Kotler et al. (2006) in order to achieve profitable growth for the company, the firm must evaluate and choose the development strategies. Product and market expansion grid is the most popular tool for choosing the growth strategies. [pic] Figure 2. Product/Market expansion Grid (Reproduced from Kotler et al. 2006) It can be seen that â€Å"An La Ghien† is using both Market Penetration and Product Development strategies. â€Å"Banh Xeo† is a traditional pancake of Vietnam. It has been accepted by Vietnamese for long time ago, so the firm has used traditional â€Å"Banh Xeo† in order to penetrate Ho Chi Minh City market.Moreover, in order to attract potential customers and keep the loyal customers â€Å"An La Ghien† also uses product development strategy. It has led that the firm has created and modified many new kinds of â€Å"Banh Xeo† besides the traditional taste. Positioning and Differentiation strategies: In order to build competitive advantages, â€Å"An La Ghien† decides to use differentiation strategy in the Porter’ s Competitive Strategies (Daft 2007). It means they provide distinctive products that have high quality, unique taste to a broad targeted market. [pic] Figure 3. Porter’s Competitive Strategies (Reproduced from Daft 2007)By using Differentiation Strategy, the Firm has build for them a high position on the market because most of â€Å"Banh Xeo† providers in Ho Chi Minh City are small restaurants or Roadside restaurants. They provide â€Å"Banh Xeo† with lower quality for example, lower healthy standard. Banh Xeo â€Å"Dinh Cong Trang† Restaurant is one of the most popular Banh Xeo providers in Ho Chi Minh City. They provide high quality Banh Xeo, but they have lower service quality and less positional advantages because they have online 1 restaurant compare with 4 branches of â€Å"An La Ghien†. Figure 4. Position of â€Å"An La Ghien† on the marketThe Store Expansion Strategy: According to Strickland and Thompson (1999) by using geography ex pansion strategy, the firm will open new stores in the targeted market. It will help the company penetrate the market successfully. Dang Truong Company is also using this strategy in order to penetrate the market and build the strong brand name, competitive advantages for â€Å"An La Ghien† restaurants. After 5 years existing on the market, Dang Truong Company has had 4 â€Å"An La Ghien† branches in around Ho Chi Minh City that are District 3, District 10, District 1 and Phu Nhuan District Branches.By opening these branches, the targeted customer can easily find and come to try the products of company. It will increase the convenience of consumers and the number of loyal customers. Building a strong brandname: According to Kotler et al. (2006) â€Å"a good name can add greatly to a product’s success†. It was greatly true for â€Å"An La Ghien† restaurants. Dang Truong Company decided to name their restaurants â€Å"An La Ghien†; it was a co nfident name. That name is a Vietnamese name, it means â€Å"if you try, you will be addicted†.At the first time seeing that name, people will be shocked, feel curious and want to try in order to fulfill their curiousness. That has led the number of customers of â€Å"An La Ghien† was pretty high at some first periods operation. Moreover, combining with the unique flavor and special kinds of Banh Xeo, most of customers are satisfied or addicted after trying Banh Xeo of â€Å"An La Ghien† restaurants. â€Å"An La Ghien† restaurant received the certificate to become one of the top 10 distinctive food restaurants of Ho Chi Minh City from People’s Committee of Ho Chi Minh city in 2010 (Huy Hiep 2010).It has made â€Å"An La Ghien† become an image of popular restaurant for both foreign tourists and local people. Furthermore, in recently years, people are more concern about the safety and hygiene of food. Knowing about the trend of market, â€Å" An La Ghien† had enough condition to get certificate of achieving the hygiene and safety food standard (An La Ghien 2009). Moreover, they also participate in many Food and Beverage Fair of Vietnam. It helps raising the position of â€Å"An La Ghien† image on the market. Recommendation: After about 5 years openning, Dang Truong Company have been successful in operating â€Å"An La Ghien† Restaurants.However, in order to keep growing the business in the future, there may have some strategies that company should follow: Geography Expansion Strategy: It can be known that â€Å"An La Ghien† is using geography expansion strategy. They currently have 4 branches over Ho Chi Minh City and it helped Dang Truong to be successful on the market. However, in order to sustain the growth of their business, â€Å"An La Ghien† Restaurant should continue expanse the number of their store. The Stores Expansion will help firm reaching all of potential customers on the m arket (Strickland and Thompson 1999).Beside 4 Districts that already had â€Å"An La Ghien† branches, Dang Truong Company should open some new branches in the other districts where have high population or high number of foreigners such as district 11, district 7, Tan Binh district in order to penetrate Ho Chi Minh City Market. Starbuck is a good example of using this strategy; it was developed by Starbuck (Strickland and Thompson 1999). By using this strategy, Starbuck already had more than 16,000 stores in more than 50 countries around the world (Starbuck 2009). Until now, Starbuck is the most successful and respected coffee brandname over the world.Therefore, for continue growing in the future Dang Truong Company should open many other â€Å"An La Ghien† restaurants in other places of Vietnam such as Ha Noi, Hue after penetrate Ho Chi Minh City Market. It will help building a strong brand name for â€Å"An La Ghien† restaurants over Vietnam. Promotional Mix: A fter 5 years operation, â€Å"An La Ghien† has achieved many successes in the food industry. However, they did not really focus on their marketing plan, so Dang Truong should create a good marketing plan in order to expand the market.According to Allen (2007) Promotion Mix is a strategy that help company building relationship with customers and increase the repeat sales. †¢ Advertising: in order to create products awareness, â€Å"An La Ghien† should have an advertising plan. Therefore, the firm should choose for them the reliable media. There are some media that suitable for Dang Truong Company that is newspapers, magazines and internet. Newspapers is a cheapest media for advertising, Company can choose TuoiTre Newspaper or ThanhNien newspapers. The Company should advertise their products to foreign customer through tourist magazine.Lastly, social networks such as Facebook are become more popular in recently years, by using Internet Dang Truong Company can advert ise through social network, it is more efficient. †¢ Sales promotion: In order to increase the sales, we should create some sales promotions in the special festival or holiday of Vietnam; for example, the company can create some combos with bundle price for their food in Tet holiday, Christmas, happy new years, Valentine Day, etc. Moreover, in order to increase the repeat sales, Dang Truong Company should provide promotion to the loyal customers such as vouchers, coupon.Conclusion: Although Banh Xeo â€Å"An La Ghien† has just opened for 5 years, it has become one of the most tradition Banh Xeo restaurants in Vietnam because they had applied very well their strategies in order to grow such as product and market development strategies and Geography exapansion strategy. Besides those strategies, there are some factors that contribute in the success of the firm, for example, the innovation of the chefs, the tourism and successful brand name building. However, in order to su stain the growth of he company in the future, the firm should continue expanse their store not only in Ho Chi Minh City, but also over Vietnam. Moreover, they should apply some new strategies that are diversification strategy and doing more promotion. Reference List: Allen ,K 2007, â€Å"growing and managing a small business – an entrepreneurial perspective†, Houghton Mifflin Company, viewed 13th Jan 2013. An La Ghien Restaurant 2008, â€Å"IMG_24002†, image, An La Ghien website, viewed 12th Jan 2013, An La Ghien Restaurant 2009, â€Å"Products picture†, image, An La Ghien website, viewed 12th Jan 2013, An La Ghien Restaurant 2009, â€Å"GI?Y CH? NG NH? N AN TOAN V? SINH TH? C PH? M†, An La Ghien Website, 12th Jan 2013, Daft, R. L 2007, â€Å"Understanding the Theory and Design of Organization†, Thomson South-Western, USA, view 13th Jan 2013 Huy Hiep 2010, â€Å"100 dieu thu vi kham pha thanh pho Ho Chi Minh†, Vietnamtourism, February 27th 2010, viewed 13th Jan 2013, Kotler, P, Armstrong, G, Hoon Ang, S, Meng leong, S, Tiong Tan, C and Tse D 2006, â€Å"Principles of Marketing: An Asian perspective†, 7th edition, Pearson Education, New Jersey, viewed 14th Jan 2013.Kuratko, D. F 2009, ‘Introduction to Entrepreneurship’, 8th edition, Shouth-Western Cengage Learning, viewed 12th Jan 2013. Ngan Hao 2010, â€Å"An La Ghien Thiet! †, Kien Thuc online, January 23rd 2010, viewed 13th Jan 2013, McShane, S and Travaglione, T 2007, â€Å"Organisational Behaviour on the Pacific Rim†, 2nd edition, McGraw Hill Australia Pty Limited, Australia, viewed 13th Jan 2013.My Hanh 2010, â€Å"Du lich Viet Nam tang truong cao†, Saigon Giai Phong online newspaper, May 8th 2010, viewed 13th Jan 2013, Starbuck 2009, â€Å"company profile†, Starbuck website, viewed 12th Jan 2013, Strickland, A. J and Thompson, A (1999), â€Å"Strategic Management†, 11th edition, The McGraw-Hill Compani es, viewed 12th Jan 2013, ———————– Price Service, products quality Banh Xeo â€Å"An La Ghien† Banh Xeo â€Å"Dinh Cong Trang† Roadside Restaurants

Creating a united ummah between 622 and 632 Essay

Explain and comment on the ways in which Muhammad set about creating a united ummah between 622 and 632 Key to explaining the creation of the united ummah is the admission by Islam of the wars that were necessary in achieving their aim. The Muslim belief about 622 is that Muhammad and the muhajirun who followed him from Mecca to Medina were mostly accepted by most residents of Medina. The foundation for this was that they had been asked there in the first place – they were supposed to bring about a peaceful revolution in a city wrought with violence and feuds between seperate tribes of people. As such, Islam was going to be the heal on the wounds that were plighting Medina. The non-Muslim view however is that Jews and munafiqun had difficulties in accepting the ideals of Islam and ridiculed it. Muhammad was faced with a challenge in bringing the people round to his point of view, and by the end of 622, had only managed to persuade 1000. The first undisputed, all-out battle of the creation of the ummah was in 624. This was the Battle of Badr. While Muslims claim that the battle was fought out of loyalty to Allah alone, non-Muslims claim that it was based on a desire for revenge against the Meccans who had forced them to leave their original home. The evidence that Muslims claim to have supporting their argument is the very fact that Muhammad and his followers won the battle – they had Allah on their side, as is described in Sura 7. Sura 7 is however believed by opponents to have been written at a different time to the Qur’an, so cannot be taken at face value. Non-believers claim that Muhammad was acting with intolerance, which overrided the supposed obligation from Allah that he had to act on. 625 saw the Battle of Uhud, which saw Abu Sufyan setting out in opposition to Muhammad. His 3000 men would logically make light work of the 700 that Muhammad could call upon – Muslim belief follows that Allah was testing the faith of his followers in allowing one side to be so much bigger than the other. Non-Muslim belief obviously ranges, but some have argued that God could not have solely been on Muhammad’s side, given that the prophet emerged from the battle with war wounds, and that some Meccans disobeyed orders, so there were other forces acting on the battle than those of Allah. Abu Sufyan set out to kill Muhammad again in 627, with the Battle of the Ditches. In this battle, Muhammad and his army were met with the force of 10,000 men. Stalemate arose when Muhammad dug trenches, and a storm saw off the Meccans, who had started disputes between themselves anyway. Non-Muslim suspicion of this story is largely insubstantial, although the morality of murdering 600-900 Jews later on in the year has been brought into question. This, and the sale of women and children into slavery by Muhammad’s followers has been backed up with the teaching from the Qur’an reading ‘God does not love the treacherous, the belief by many Muslims that it was the only way they had of creating the religious theocracy that they wanted, and the belief that they had every right to return the violence that they claim had been initiated on them by the Jews and Meccans. Muhammad set out to improve the relations between the Medinans and the Meccans in 628, when the two cities agreed to sign the Treaty of Hudabiya outside Meccan city boundaries. Muslims consider this treaty to authenticate Muhammad’s status as a reluctant warrior because it was supposed to secure peace and the right for any Meccans to become Muslims if they wanted to. Islam’s status as being ‘more than a religion’ is also authenticated by the treaty, which Muslims believe portrayed Muhammad as being a capable politician – he also allowed Jews to enjoy religious freedom, in return for an extra tax. The Islamic belief that the Muhammad communicated with emperors of Byzantium and Abyssinia is toned down by non-Muslim theory, which suggests that he spoke to Arabian peninsula leaders at the most. Some Meccans were voluntarily converted to Islam when the faith reached Mecca on a small pilgramage in 629, but the main influx of population to the faith came in 630 when Muhammad took the ciy by force. In the following year, he sent out armies supporting his leaders when they spread the word of Islam – the role that these forces played in converting people to Islam is disputed by Non-Muslims. â€Å"There is much evidence to support the view that Muhammad’s motives were political and personal, rather than religious.† Firstly, it would not have been reasonable for Muhammad’s motives to have been solely religious. He would not have been able to have been as successful as he was if they had been – this is because Islam is, in the eyes of believers and non-believers alike, more than just a religion. The Islamic beliefs take precedence over politics, and the individual desires of one person. This makes it almost socialistic in its principles, which in turn explain how Muhammad found it such a task to actually spread the faith. It is unlikely that Muhammad’s motives were personal, as in the event that they had been, it would have been unlikely he would have set himself aside for so much criticism or persecution in fighting the Meccans. He would have stayed in Mecca and made a living as a trader if this was what he wanted. He would however have had political motives. These would have been necessary in converting a brutal city into a religious theocracy, and would have to have been backed up with a resolution to act in possibly violent ways to carry them through. What Muhammad was doing was by no means easy – he put his life on the line for Allah, who had already put him through visions to tell him what he had to do. Muhammad has been described by some people as being hungry for power, leading to his crusades, battles and treaties across Arabia. What it must be remembered is that he died in 632 as a reasonably old man – he fought not for himself but for Allah.

Psychology Memory Test Notes

Short term memory: where small amounts of information can be stored for a small period of time. Long term memory: where limitless amounts of information can be stored for a very long period of time. Capacity: amount of information that can be held at any given time. Duration: the length of time that memories can be held. Encoding: the method in which information is expressed in a particular memory store. Displacement: a way of memory being erased from the short term memory before it an be transferred into the long term memory. Interference: when information which is stored in the long term memory is confused with similar information.Free recall: if a participant is asked to listen to 7 words and repeat them in FREE RECALL that means that the participant DOES NOT have to repeat the words in the order they were stated in. Serial recall: if a participant is asked to listen to 7 words and repeat them in that means that the participant HAS TO repeat the words in the order they were stated in. Digit span technique: a method of measuring the capacity of the short term memory by asking participants to repeat a string of items which gradually increases until recall is not possible.Information processing systems are called models. The manipulation and transformation of information is controlled by the process of: – encoding – retrieval strategies – rehearsal there are three separate sensory stores according to A&S: – iconic store – echoic store – haptic store sperling ( )- used a chart containing three rows ot letters tor a second. This was used to find evidence for the sensory memory. Items remain in the sensory memory for a very brief period of time. possibly less then two seconds) – information in the sensory memory is in a relatively unprocessed form. – information is passively registered in sensory memory. We cant control what enters. A&S believed the two different stores were different in terms of: – ho w long they last (duration) – how much information they can store (capacity) how they store information (encoding) – how information is lost (forgetting) The primacy and recency effect state that the words at the start and at the end of the list are recalled better.Asymptotes ( middle words ) are poorly recalled. Primacy effect: this is the tendency for the first items represented in a series to be remembered better or more easily. Recency effect: this is the principle that the most recently presented items or experiences will most likely be remembered the best.

A library of ancient information

Inside most of the cells in each human being resides molecules known as DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid. These molecules are made up of four different bases which are assigned the letters G, C, A and T (for guanine, cytosine, adenine and thymine) and the manner by which these bases are arranged or sequenced defines the particular kind of protein that they will give rise to. Given that humans are highly complex organisms, it is natural and correct to assume that we are made up of a huge number of different proteins that are coded for by an equally large number of different DNA sequences known as genes (Krogh, 2003). The totality of an organism’s genes is known as its genome and since each gene provides the instructions for making a specific protein, the genome can be thought of as a collection or library of instruction manuals for producing all the proteins necessary for an organism to function normally and survive (Krogh, 2003). This collection though, is not one that is built up as the organism grows but rather, one that is inherited from the organism’s parents. Human beings have 46 sets of these instruction manuals called chromosomes. Chromosomes come in pairs but during reproduction, only half of each pair is passed on by each parent to their offspring so that the offspring would likewise end up having a total of 46 chromosomes (Krogh, 2003). This goes on for each new generation of offspring produced and so if we try to trace things back we can imagine how we have, for example, inherited the gene for our particular hair color from either our mother or father, and how they in turn have likewise inherited theirs from either of their parents. Going a long way back towards our ancestors’ generation, we can therefore imagine ourselves as having inherited inside us a library of ancient instruction manuals which tell our body how to produce proteins practically the same way that they have been produced in our ancestors. Naturally though it would be expected that during the course of time, modifications may have been made in these instructions but the fact still remains that these basic instructions were passed on from one generation to the next so that the information it carries may serve succeeding generations.