Marx, Wallerstein and Baudrillard

Marx, Wallerstein and Baudrillard Karl Marx and Marxism Marxism can be defined as a method social inquiry which looks at economic, socio- economic and socio-political aspects of a society. In its attempt to explain social change, the method relies on the concept of historical materialism, the rise and development of capitalism as a mode of production and the study of opposites (dialectical view).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Marx, Wallerstein and Baudrillard specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Marxism was founded by two Germany scholars namely Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels from the start of the 19th century to mid-19th century. They rejected the ideas of realism, liberalism but focused on class struggle as the basis of international relations. However, Karl Marx is seen as the most influential in the foundation and development of Marxism, thus the name of Marxism which was derived from his name. Marx was mostly interested in the study of society in terms of what he referred to as class struggle, which he argued was responsible for social change. On his part, Friedrich Engels based his argument on the study of opposites, arguing that social change was as a result of conflicting ideas, which influence the actions of people in the society, the argument being that the idea which is more dominant over the others shapes social change within a given society (Marx 87). Karl Marx sees people as both producers and products of the society in which they live. According to him, society is made up of different parts which influence each other but the economic part has the greatest influence. He argues that the history of human society is the history of tension and conflict. As per the manifesto written by him and Friedrich Engels in 1848, ‘the history of all existing societies is the history of class struggle, that of free men and slaves, lords and serfs who stand in a relationship of an oppressor and oppressed and thus are always in constant oppositions to one another. The conflict between the oppressor and oppressed is sometimes hidden or open war and at the end, they always have a reconstituted society. In the manifesto, Marx stated that ‘you do not have to be poor, nobody was born poor but the conditions that made man poor were created by man himself, and therefore can be changed by man’.Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Karl Marx gave more attention to the economy, which he argued formed the base of society while the superstructure which comprises things like culture, religion, social life and media were a reflection of the economic mode of production of the society. Karl Marx presented two class models of society namely the bourgeoisie and proletariat. The bourgeoisie are the capitalists who are few in number and are the owners of capital. They are also rich, powerful, oppresso rs, exploiters and they always win elections in democratic countries. On the other hand, the proletariats are the workers, owners of labor and they are the majority in numbers but are powerless since they are oppressed and exploited by the rich and they always lose in elections in democratic nations. The proletariat can be described as a class in itself in the sense that they share same objectives and relationships to the means of production, that is, they are laborers who are paid in wages. The two classes are always in conflict with each other because their interests are incompatible. While the bourgeoisie have the interests of maintaining the status quo which ensures their dominance, the proletariats are interested in changing the status quo which deprives them of good life. However, the two classes are not aware of the nature of the circumstances which they live in but assume that the situations which they find themselves in are natural and nothing can be done to change them. Th is is what Karl Marx calls a false class consciousness. The bourgeoisie are not aware that they are the exploiters while the proletariats are not aware that they are exploited or oppressed; they are also not aware that they are poor but assume that they are naturally supposed to be poor. However; when the proletariats become aware of the reality, that is, when they know that they are exploited by the bourgeoisie, what follows is a revolution. Marx argues that the Russian revolution of 1917 was as a result of the realization of the proletariats that they were being oppressed by the bourgeoisie.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Marx, Wallerstein and Baudrillard specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to Karl Marx, the defining features of social class are the ownership or lack of ownership of the means of production. He argued that those who owned the means of production were able to exploit those who did own them. Marx was of the view that both labor and capital were very essential in the stability of the economy. This is because the capital cannot transform itself into wealth without the labor while the labor cannot create wealth without the capital. It therefore follows that both the bourgeoisie and the proletariat must work together, because none can exist independently of the other. What this means is that both the bourgeoisie and the proletariat are equal shareholders in the wealth which is created through their interaction. However, this is not always the case. This is because at the end of the production process, the sharing of the profits is not fair since the supply value is more appropriated by the bourgeoisie at the expense of the proletariat, who produces more labor which is not paid for. According to Karl Marx therefore, the levels of profits made by organizations was inversely proportional to the level of exploitation of the proletariat. That is, the more the companies make prof its, the higher the levels of exploitation and vice versa. In other words, what Karl Marx was arguing was that profit was synonymous with surplus value, which is labor that is not paid for. Unfortunately, the proletariats are not aware of this and they even go to the extent of celebrating when they hear that the companies which they work for have made significant increment in the amounts of profits. Karl Marx understood work as alienating. His argument was based on the capitalistic mode of production which has its roots in the industrial revolution of 1600. This mode of production is characterized by two groups of people namely the capitalists and the proletariats. According to Karl Marx, the proletariats own nothing except their labor, which they sale at cheap price to the capitalists. Karl Marx also explained the concept of alienation which simply means the existence of some dividing forces between things which are essentially supposed to be in harmony with each other.Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For example, man created and discovered religion, but the same man subjects himself to uncomfortable religious beliefs or practices like refusing to take medicine due to religious beliefs. In this situation, religion makes man uneasy, yet it is the same man who creates the religion. Marx argued that the ideal purpose of work was to make man happy by enabling him move towards the actualization levels in his life. But due to the capitalistic economy, work is no longer playing its primary function in man, but rather, it is alienating him. According to Marx, man can be alienated in three major ways namely the alienation from the results of labor, alienation from the other workers and alienation of the worker from him or herself. Alienation from the results of labor happens when man works but he does not have a stake in the products of his labor and only gets his wages, which are way below the worth of the products of his labor. This is what Karl Marx calls exploitation, which creates pr ofits in form of surplus. Paradoxically, the surplus is not attributed to the workers but rather to the capitalists. Alienation from other workers takes place when the worker is transformed into a commodity to be used in the competitive capitalist economy. In this situation, the worker is not viewed as a social being but is tied to his or her work, in which he or she is paid as per his or her output. Alienation of the worker from himself takes place when the worker is robbed of his ability or opportunity to enjoy the intrinsic value of work. In the capitalistic economy, personal life is separated from work, meaning that the worker is transformed into a machine. This makes him or her to work for the sake of working, but not as a way of serving humanity or quenching his passion to work in a certain field. Immanuel Wallerstein He writes about post capitalism and agrees that Marx’s description of capitalism was accurate in the 19th century but out-dated in the 20th century. This is because major changes took place in Western Europe and North America which are now post-capitalists. Instead of the two social classes getting polarized as Marx had argued, the opposite has happened. For example, population of skilled workers has grown tremendously; inequalities in income and wealth have been reduced due to changes in social structure and the intervention by the State (Wallerstein 26). Social mobility is now more common and he link between ownership and control have been broken. In the organizational context for example, managers, but not the owners of the business exercise day to day control of the organizations as well as over the means of production. Under these circumstances, Marx’s argument that conflict was based on the concept of ownership of the means of production is therefore not valid today because there is no longer any close association between wealth and power. Wallerstein went ahead to argue that conflict therefore was not about the control over the means of production but over authority, which according to him was a legitimate power attached to a particular social role. For example, a manager or a teacher has a right to make decisions in an organization or classroom regardless of the wishes of the workers or students respectively. In all organizations, there are positions of dominance and subjection, some make decisions legitimately, others do not and this is the basis of conflict in post capitalism society. Those in the subject positions have the interest of changing the social structure that deprives them of authority and those in dominant positions have the interest of maintaining dominant structure in many social situations not just economic ones and so nobody is confined to dominant or subject positions and therefore society presents a picture of plurality of competing dominant and subject positions. Just like Marx, Wallerstein argued that there is a possibility of capitalism being replaced by socialism. Accordin g to him, false class consciousness may come to an end thus triggering revolutions which would eventually bring capitalism to an end. Jean Baudrillard His main ideas were centered on consumerism. He is one of the few scholars who loosely associated themselves with Marxism. One of his main points of departure from Marxism in regard to capitalism is that while Marx saw production as the key force behind capitalism, Baudrillard considered consumption as the key force behind capitalism (Tormey 73). He also differed significantly with Marx in regard to the issue of use-value. While Marx saw needs as genuine and innate, Baudrillard saw them as being constructed by people and therefore, the needs preceded the production of goods. In this sense therefore, consumption was more important than production because the desire to consume certain goods comes before the goods are produced. In his later works, Baudrillard completely rejected the ideas of Marx especially with regard to sign value of c ommodities. His argument was that commodities had a sign value which was one of the determinants of why people preferred certain commodities to others. To him therefore, the cost of a commodity was not as much important as the sign value of the same commodity. On his part, Marx had argued that the cost of production was the key determinant of the value of commodities in the market economy. Marx, Karl. Theories of Surplus Value Vols. 1-3, Amherst, N.Y, Prometheus Books, 2000. Print. Tormey, Simon. Anticapitalism: A Beginners Guide, Oxford, Oneworld BeginnersGuides, 2004.Print. Wallerstein, Immanuel. Geopolitics and Geoculture: Essays on the Changing World-System, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1991. Print.

Introduction to Ancient Stone Debitage

Introduction to Ancient Stone Debitage Debitage,  pronounced in English roughly DEB-ih-tahzhs, is an artifact type, the collective term used by archaeologists to refer to the sharp-edged waste material left over when a flintknapper creates a stone tool (that is, knaps flint). The process of making a stone tool is rather like sculpture, in that it involves whittling down a block of stone by removing unwanted pieces until the sculptor/flint knapper achieves the final product. Debitage refers to those unneeded stone fragments. Debitage is the French term for this material, but it is commonly used in the scholarly literature in most other languages, including English. Other terms in English include waste flakes, stone chips, and chipping debris; all of these refer to the stone fragments left over as a waste product created when a worker produces a stone tool. Those terms also refer to chipping debris leftover when a stone tool is repaired or refined. Why is Debitage Interesting? Scholars are interested in the stone flakes left behind by flintknappers for a number of reasons. The pile of debris is the location where stone tool production took place, even if the tool itself was taken away: that alone tells archaeologists about where people lived and worked in the past. The flakes also hold information about the type of stone used to make a stone tool, as well as the technology, the steps taken in the manufacturing process. Some of the waste flakes may be used as tools themselves, to scrape plants or cut meat for example, but by and large, the word debitage refers to those pieces which have not been reused. Whether the flakes were used as a tool or not, debitage accounts for the oldest evidence discovered for human-like behaviors: we know ancient people were making stone tools because we have found purposeful flaking debris even if we dont know what was being made. And as such, they have been recognized as an artifact type since the first decades of the 20th century. Analyzing Debitage Debitage analysis is the systematic study of those chipped stone flakes. The most common study of debitage involves simple (or complex) cataloging of the flakes characteristics, such as source material, length, width, weight, thickness, flaking scars, and the evidence of heat-treatment among many others. Given that there can be thousands or tens of thousands of pieces of debitage from a site, data from all of those flakes definitely qualifies as big data. In addition, analytical studies have attempted to classify the flakes by step in the tool-making process. In general, a stone tool is made by removing the largest pieces first, then the pieces get smaller and smaller as the tool gets refined and shaped. A popular tool-based debitage typology in the late 20th century consisted of categorizing flakes into three stages: primary, secondary, and tertiary flakes. These rough categories were thought to reflect a very specific set of flake removal processes: primary flakes were removed from a block of stone first, then secondary, and finally tertiary flakes. Defining those three categories was based on size and the percentage of the cortex (unmodified stone) left on the waste flake. Refitting, putting the stone pieces back together whether simply one flake to another or reconstructing an entire stone tool, was originally quite pain-staking and labor-intensive. More recent tool-based imaging processes have refined and built on this technique considerably. Other Analytical Types One of the problems with debitage analysis is there is just so much debitage. The construction of one tool from a block of stone can produce hundreds if not thousands of waste flakes of all shapes and sizes. As a result, studies of debitage as part of the study of all stone artifacts at a given site are frequently completed using mass analysis techniques. Size grading by using a set of graduated screens to sort debitage is often used. Researchers also sort the flakes into categories on a variety of attributes and then count and weigh the total in each category to estimate types of flaking activities. Piece-plotting of the distribution of debitage has been used, when it can be determined that the scatter of flakes has laid relatively undisturbed since its deposition. That study informs the researcher about the mechanics of flint-working activities. As a parallel study, an experimental reproduction of flint knapping has been used to build a suitable comparison of debitage scatters and production techniques. Microwear analysis is the study of the edge damage and pitting of debitage using a low- or high-power microscope, and it is generally reserved for debitage that has likely been used as a tool. Sources and Recent Studies A great source for information about all types of Lithic Analysis is Roger Graces Stone Age Reference Collection. The late Tony Bakers excellent lithics site  while now outdated still contains buckets of useful information based on his understanding of the mechanical processes he learned in his own flintknapping experiments. Ahler, Stanley A. Mass Analysis of Flaking Debris: Studying the Forest Instead of the Tree. In Alternative Approaches to Lithic Analysis. The Archaeological Papers of the American Anthropological Association. Eds. Henry, D. O., and George H. Odell. Vol. 1 (1989): 85-118. Print. Andrefsky Jr., William. The Analysis of Stone Tool Procurement, Production, and Maintenance. Journal of Archaeological Research 17.1 (2009): 65-103. Print. - . The Application and Misapplication of Mass Analysis in Lithic Debitage Studies. Journal of Archaeological Science 34.3 (2007): 392-402. Print. Bradbury, Andrew P., and Philip J. Carr. Non-Metric Continuum-Based Flake Analysis. Lithic Technology 39.1 (2014): 20-38. Print. Chazan, Michael. Technological Perspectives on the Upper Paleolithic. Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews 19.2 (2010): 57-65. Print. Eerkens, Jelmer W., et al. Reduction Strategies and Geochemical Characterization of Lithic Assemblages: A Comparison of Three Case Studies from Western North America. American Antiquity 72.3 (2007): 585-97. Print. Eren, Metin I., and Stephen J. Lycett. Why Levallois? A Morphometric Comparison of Experimental ‘Preferential’ Levallois Flakes Versus Debitage Flakes. PLoS ONE 7.1 (2012): e29273. Print. Frahm, Ellery, et al. Sourcing Geochemically Identical Obsidian: Multiscalar Magnetic Variations in the Gutansar Volcanic Complex and Implications for Palaeolithic Research in Armenia. Journal of Archaeological Science 47.0 (2014): 164-78. Print. Hayden, Brian, Edward Bakewell, and Rob Gargett. The Worlds Longest-Lived Corporate Group: Lithic Analysis Reveals Prehistoric Social Organization near Lillooet, British Columbia. American Antiquity 61.2 (1996): 341-56. Print. Hiscock, Peter. Quantifying the Size of Artefact Assemblages. Journal of Archaeological Science 29.3 (2002): 251-58. Print. Pirie, Anne. Constructing Prehistory: Lithic Analysis in the Levantine Epipaleolithic. The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 10.3 (2004): 675-703. Print. Shea, John J. The Middle Stone Age Archaeology of the Lower Omo Valley Kibish Formation: Excavations, Lithic Assemblages, and Inferred Patterns of Early Homo Sapiens Behavior. Journal of Human Evolution 55.3 (2008): 448-85. Print. Shott, Michael J. The Quantification Problem in Stone Tool Assemblages. American Antiquity 65.4 (2000): 725-38. Print. Sullivan, Alan P. III, and Kenneth C. Rozen. Debitage Analysis and Archaeological Interpretation. American Antiquity 50.4 (1985): 755-79. Print. Wallace, Ian J., and John J. Shea. Mobility Patterns and Core Technologies in the Middle Paleolithic of the Levant. Journal of Archaeological Science 33 (2006): 1293-309. Print. Williams, Justin P., and William Andrefsky Jr. Debitage Variability among Multiple Flint Knappers. Journal of Archaeological Science 38.4 (2011): 865-72. Print.

Case plan scenario Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Case plan scenario - Essay Example This is the basis of this case plan. The purpose of the plan is to move the client to the point where they recognize the need to change their unhealthy eating and drinking habits for their benefit. One of the best ways of treating lifestyle diseases is for the patient to abandon their unhealthy way of life that led to or worsens the effects of the diseases. In the case of the patient that is the subject of this plan, it was established that their lifestyle disease is attributable to their eating fatty, junk foods and heavy drinking. When advised to quit that lifestyle in favour of a healthy one, they protested bitterly to the point of claiming that they rather die and stop eating junk food and drinking. Two possibilities arise. Either the patient does not understand and appreciate the contribution of their lifestyle to their disease or they do, but there are certain forces that drive them to refuse to cooperate with the dietician. Either way, the task ahead is to get the patient to cooperate with the dietician for the sake of their health. However, the patient has made it clear that they will not cooperate with the dietician. Thus, it may be necessary to enlist the help of a third party. Arguably, this is the best and first third party to approach the patient’s immediate family, if they had one. The fact that the client leaves alone further complicates the situation. Functional families are known to offer the highest moral, emotional, psychological and other forms of support in difficult moments such as when a member of the family suffers from a life-threatening disease or condition. The effective treatment of a lifestyle disease or any other disease takes the joint effort of both the patient and the health practitioner (Malcher, 2009). Otherwise, left to one party, the process of administering treatment is an exercise in futility. Suppose a patient visits a

Denial or doubters of the environmental global warming Essay

Denial or doubters of the environmental global warming - Essay Example These experts include Frederick Seitz, Ph.D. Richard S. Lindzen, Ph.D., S. Fred Singer, Ph.D, Patrick J. Michaels, Ph.D.,Robert C. Balling, Jr. Ph. D.1 They have expressed doubts over climate change and challenged the consensus of mainstream scientists (Granados). This paper briefly explains the biggest theory of denial or doubters of the environmental global warming Lord Crimson (n. d) has cited the opinions of 19,000 scientists in order to argue against the established theories of global warming. These scientists have established that the current theories about the responsibility of the human in global warming are in question. They have signed a petition saying global warming is probably natural and not a crisis (Lord Crimson). United States is depending heavily (around 85%) on fossil fuels for its energy needs. Fossil fuels are exhausting day by day and it is difficult for United Sates to meet all its energy needs in future in the absence of fossil fuels. So, they want to reduce the usage of fossil fuels as much as possible by other countries and for that purpose they have attributed the global warming problem to the emissions from the fossil fuels. â€Å"Dr Sami Solanki, the director of the renowned Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research in Gottingen, Germany, ha conducted a research in order to find out the reasons behind global warming. He has concluded that the Sun has been at its strongest over the past 60 years and may now be affecting global temperatures† (The Global Warming Scam). In other worlds, instead of searching for the reasons of global warming on earth, we must look in to the sky to find out reasons. The solar radiations were intensified a lot for the last 1000years as per the studies conducted by Dr. Solanki. These rise in solar temperature causing the atmospheric temperature rise and melting of ice from the Polar Regions. Increased amount of flood, the sea level rise and the melting of huge ice blocks

Sports Injuries Essay Example for Free

Sports Injuries Essay I have researched this particular assignment with a strong desire to help in preventing sports injuries. As a sport instructor, I would not allow anyone to play that did not know the rules of the game and had knowledge of the consequences of breaking the rules of the game. In my research, I found that knee injuries were ranked among the second highest most injured body site. Knee injuries are often very costly and involve procedures that require extensive and expensive post surgery rehabilitation and can increase risk of early onset osteoarthritis. Without effective interventions, the burden of knee surgeries and rehabilitation will continue to grow as the number of high school athletes continues to grow. I also learned that illegal sports activity is a much over-looked risk factor for sports related injury. I would punish behaviors that involved illegal activity on the field or at practices. The game would go on, and the player that did whatever it took to win using risky play would not be allowed to participate. As an educator of sports, I have the knowledge and the authority to help these athletes prevent risks to their bodies that may later on foster a sedentary lifestyle which is more harmful to them than playing the game that an injury may occur even if you do not play illegally. I most certainly would not ever put someone on the field knowing the were going to play and break the rules of the game just to WIN. I would enforce the rules and target education about the dangers of illegal activity that lead to many sports injuries. As an instructor, if you dont warm up, understand the rules of the game, engage in team sportsmanship, and follow my requirements;you simply will not play. You can also risk other players when you play in a way that breaks the rules that have been set forth by the sports, referees, and coaches. My philosophy is do it the way you are taught and told to do, or just dont do it at all.

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It is already well known that treating LPS to RAW 264.7 cells increases both the latter’s length and surface area, as the former is recognized by the latter as a PAMP (Christie). While the general direction of morphological change was predicted, its degree with respect to the concentration of LPS solution treated still remained in question. Thus, the investigation assessed the following two aspects of morphological change compared to their negative control groups: Difference in average length and surface area of RAW 264.7 cells. As shown in Figure 3 of this investigation, a positive correlation exists between the concentration of LPS solution treated and the difference in average length of RAW 264.7 cells compared to that of those of the negative control group; for instance, the latter increased from 14.385  µm to 53.763  µm as the former increased from 0.1  µg†¢ml-1 to 100  µg†¢ml-1. The latter’s magnitude of increase decreased with each increase in the former, exhibiting the correlation’s logarithmic behavior; compared to the latter’s increase from 25.215  µm to 44.001  µm as the former increased from 1  µg†¢ml-1 to 10  µg†¢ml-1, the latter’s increase from 44.001  µm to 53.763  µm as the former increased from 10  µg†¢ml-1 to 100  µg†¢ml-1 was marginal. The overall correlation between the two variables shown is strong, as evidenced by its high correlation coefficient value (R2=0.9846) and the absence of outliers throughout th e data. Figure 4 of this investigation also displays a positive correlation between the concentration of LPS solution treated and the difference in average surface area of RAW 264.7 cells compared to that of those of the negative control group; for instance, the latter increased from 55.714  µm2 to 277.400  µm2 as the former ... ...ral weaknesses were considered. For instance, fractures in cytoplasmic processes most likely have originated from physical damage rather than from immunologic interactions; repeated attempts to attach coverslips onto the SEM specimen stubs using carbon adhesive tabs seems to be the cause. Nevertheless, previous studies on relevant fields show that some transcription factors involved in TLR4 signaling pathway may regulate LPS-induced apoptosis in macrophages (Ma et al. 41827). Connections could thus be drawn between the concentration of LPS solution treated and RAW 264.7 cell death to some degree. The existence of a threshold value for LPS concentration to induce cell death may also explain the logarithmic correlations seen in differences in average length and surface area of RAW 264.7 cells, suggesting a limit to which the cells can undertake immunologic responses.

To what extent

Reformation. For the rest, the religious aspects should not be overstated because princes would readily trade religious conviction for political advantage; Catholic France in particular was eager to support Protestant states against the Hapsburg. By the beginning of the 17th century there was parity between the faiths among the small principalities that made up Germany. Of the larger states, three of the electors of the Holy Roman Emperor were Protestant, another three Catholic, and the seventh and final one was the emperor himself, in his capacity as king of Bohemia.This apparently stable majority for Hapsburg ambition was undermined by the fact that the majority of Bohemians were Protestant, and therein lay the spark of the Thirty Years War. This came in 1617 when the Emperor Matthias placed his heir apparent Ferdinand on the throne of Bohemia to ensure his succession to the imperial title. Ferdinand was a known Catholic zealot and his subject nobles urged him to exercise restraint in the proclamation of religious edicts. When Ferdinand ignored their entreaties, a group of Protestant nobles burst into the royal palace in Prague in May 1618, and threw his advisers out of a window into the moat/maiden.The ‘Defenestration of Prague' was the signal for a Protestant uprising in Hungary, Transylvania, and Bohemia, which was a direct threat to the continued prosecution of war against the Dutch, who would doubtless find new allies among the truculent Protestant population of central Europe in their struggle against the Spanish Hapsburg. Yet no single prince was willing to set himself up as a rival king of Bohemia in opposition to the legitimately constituted sovereign. In 1619 Ferdinand succeeded to the imperial throne on Mahatma's death, andFrederick of the Palatinate rashly agreed to stand as a rival king of Bohemia. The Palatinate bordered on the Spanish Netherlands and Catholic Bavaria, providing two further flashlights in addition to Bohemia itself, and Sp anish troops soon occupied the Lower Palatinate while the Bavarian occupied the north. The Dutch and English, both supposed champions of the Protestant cause, were reluctant to become involved, sensing a lost cause in the making. German Lutheran stayed neutral for the time being, leaving their rivals, the Calvinist, to their fate.Hence Frederick's army as crushed at the battle of the White Mountain outside Prague in 1620. Rebellious Bohemia was thoroughly ravaged by the imperial mercenary army, and forcibly restored to the Catholic faith. The Hapsburg seemed to have settled matters in their favor, therefore the Protestant princes belatedly began to cast around for allies. A grand Protestant league was formed consisting of some German states, England, and Holland, secretly supported by France, and led by the imprudent Christian IV of Denmark, who began the attack in 1626.The Danes were run ragged for three years by the more numerous imperial and Bavarian armies, led by the Bohemian m ercenary Willingness, and by 1629 they had had enough of fighting without effective support from their allies, and sued for peace. The alliance collapsed, and it seemed that Protestant hopes were lost, particularly when Ferdinand attempted to return to the state of affairs that had existed at the time of the Peace of Sagebrush in 1 555, demanding the return to Catholicism of lands that had subsequently converted to the Protestant faith by issuing the Edict of Restitution.For once Calvinist and Lutheran were united in heir opposition to this draconian policy. But by seeking to exploit their victory over the Danes to obtain an outlet to the Baltic, from which to strike at Dutch maritime commerce, the Hapsburg provoked their nemesis. Gustavo Adolph of Sweden, offended by Hapsburg behavior and rescued from an inconclusive war against the Poles by French mediation, declared war in 1630.By this time the cost of the war had exhausted the imperial treasury, and Ferdinand policies had weaken ed his alliances within the empire, so the Swedish invasion came at the moment when the empire was least prepared to repel t. The Swedish army was tough and battle-hardened and won two stunning victories at Brownfield in 1631 and L;dozen in 1632, although Gustavo was killed during the latter. But so too was the imperial cavalry leader Oppenheim while Willingness, who had made himself prince of Knuckleball, was assassinated in 1634.It is not clear whether this was because he no longer seemed able to win, because Ferdinand was afraid of him, because Riches paid his lieutenants to do it, or a combination of all three. Constant campaigning and attrition had deprived the Swedes of their best native roofs, who had been replaced by inferior local freebooters, and this contributed to their defeat at redlining in August 1634, where the Swedish Gene Horn and the new champion of Protestantism, Bernhard of Saxes-Whimper, were roundly defeated by the veteran Spanish-imperial army with the loss o f 14, 000 men, and all their artillery.The last hope for the Protestant German princes was that Catholic France, fearing Hapsburg hegemony, would come to the rescue. Thus the ascendancy gained by the Hapsburg after redlining was destined to be short-lived. Meanwhile, the Dutch were able to roll back the Spanish, who were crippled by an economic collapse and revolt at home. The Spanish Atlantic fleet was destroyed by the Dutch Adam Tromp at the battle of the Downs in 1639, and Portugal declared herself independent in 1640. The Spanish tried to renew the offensive, but were decisively defeated by the French at Rococo.War exhaustion now led to a desire for peace, but there was no consensus on how this was to be achieved, and the fighting dragged on. The breakthrough came in 1648, when Spain and Holland concluded heir 80-year war, which had become enmeshed in the wider conflict of the Thirty Years War, and the other combatants followed suit and settled their differences one after anothe r. These agreements were rolled up into the Treaty of Westphalia, which was to condition the political map of Europe for over a century.Sweden gained a foothold on the southern shores of the Baltic, France had secured her borders, and the Dutch had achieved nationhood. Overall the Protestants had secured their position in Germany, and Bavaria and Brandenburg (Prussia) were to emerge as significant independent states. The Holy Roman Emperors were left with little influence or control over German affairs, as the principle of the Peace of Sagebrush, ‘cuss region, ells religion, was restored: each state would follow the faith of its ruler. The Thirty Years War had a lasting impact.Thousands were displaced rather than killed, and often the peasantry was permanently weakened, usually to the advantage of the landed nobility. Yet there is no absolute consistency, for the war enabled some humble men to rise. The peasant Peter Mainlander commanded an army and became a count; his daughte r married a reigning prince. During the war, Grottos had published De Sure Elli AC pacts arguing that individuals deserved protection against the ravages of war, and one of the war's legacies was a desire by rulers, as well as their subjects, to make war less destructive.Although the military revolution thesis is now widely questioned, war did change during this period-?though arguably even more significantly after it. If the relationship between evolving armies and evolving states was less direct than the thesis suggests, it was nonetheless important. Armies grew bigger-?Willingness may have commanded as many as 150, 000 men and Gustavo perhaps 120, 000-?and ere often better organized, with a premium attached to the marshalling of infantry firepower and the improvement of artillery.They became notably more costly: the French army cost about 16 million livers tourism in the asses and over 38 million after 1640. Many senior commanders were commercial entrepreneurs, with their subordi nates subcontractors in a commercial venture: it is unsurprising that the infantry subunit was called a company. Disgust at some of the more extreme effects of this encouraged hesitant steps towards the professionalisms of officer corps,

About Hemja Villege Resort

Hemja Village Resort is newly organized service oriented business venture in the tourist sector (Pokhara). The proposed resort is located at Hemja, Pokhara. The resort is situated at the middle part of Hemja, near of Tibetian Camp near of the Pokhara city. It is spread over 2 biga with full of the facility HVR is a partnership organization, comprising of two business partners. The total investment would be around 5 million. Each business partners would invest 2. 5 million each.The Hemja Village Resort was envisioned to be Nepal’s most luxurious and exclusive property, offering amenities that a modern world-weary traveler can desire. The proposed schemes are very good, reliable, and qualitative service with reasonable price. The main objective of the resort is to establish a small-scale resort to provide the good lodging and food services to internal and external customer with full availability of recreational activities and ultimately achieve the large pie of the marketplace.T hat â€Å"Quality Service for all† would be our slogan. The management committee vision three types of customers Nepali, Indian, and foreign (from different countries like Japan, German, America, Australia, Korea, china). The resort is estimating near about 3,000 customers in the first year with the incremental of 20% each year. This resort is thinking to attain an average growth in service revenue of about 10% per year and to increase market share by 10% annually. HVR reaches breakeven point in the second year of operation and earn profit thereafter.The special promotional tools would be used such as FM, Newspaper, TV channels, banners, and news journal, e. t. c. customers can gain information and book their services from our website: www. hemjavillegeresort. com. np. During the first few years, HVR uses the low cost advantage strategy and differentiation strategy to attract the more customers and then after few years of operation it uses the growth strategy for the developm ent of resort as the marketing strategy.In its marketing mix 7 Ps are analyzed. These are product, price, place, promotion, people, process, physical environment. HVR will use a set of action programme to achieve its marketing objectives. The financial projection is based on the implementation of the action programme, which gives the detail information about the income and expenses of the resort. To evaluate overalls performance of the resort it implements the monthly, quarterly or annual evaluation and control syste

An Overview of Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs)

An Overview of Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) NGO stands for non-governmental organization and its function can vary widely from service organizations to human-rights advocacy and relief groups. Defined as an international organization that is not founded by an international treaty by the United Nations, NGOs work to benefit communities from the local to international levels.   NGOs not only serve as checks-and-balances for government  and governmental watchdogs but are crucial cogs in wider governmental initiatives such as relief response to a natural disaster. Without NGOs long history of rallying communities and creating initiatives around the world, famine, poverty, and disease would be a much bigger issue for the world than it already is. The First NGO In 1945, the United Nations was first created to act as an intergovernmental agency - that is an agency that mediates between multiple governments. To allow certain international interests groups and non-state agencies to attend the meetings of these powers and ensure an appropriate checks-and-balances system was in place, the U.N. established the term to define them as characteristically non-government.   However, the first international non-government organizations, by this definition, dated back well into the 18th century. By 1904, there were over 1000 established NGOs in the world fighting internationally for everything from the liberation of women and slaves to disarmament.   Rapid globalization led to the quick expansion of the need for these non-government organizations as shared interests between nationalities often overlooked human and environmental rights in favor of profits and power. Recently, even oversight with U.N. initiatives has given rise to an increased need for founding more humanitarian NGOs in order to compensate for missed opportunities.   Types of NGOs Non-governmental organizations can be broken down into eight different types within two quantifiers: orientation and level of operation - which have further been delineated into quite an extensive list of acronyms. In a charitable orientation of an NGO, investors acting as parents - with little input from those benefitting - help initiate activities which meet the basic needs of the poor. Similarly, service orientation involves activities which send in a charitable person to provide family planning, health, and education services to those in need but require their participation in order to be effective.   Conversely, participatory orientation focuses on community involvement in solving their own problems by means of facilitating the planning and implementation of restoring and meeting the needs of that community. Going one step further, the final orientation, empowering orientation, directs activities that provide tools for communities to understand the socio-economic and political factors affecting them and how to utilize their resources to control their own lives.   Non-government organizations can also be broken down by their level of operation - from hyper-localized groups to international advocacy campaigns. In Community-Based Organizations (CBOs), the initiatives focus on smaller, local communities while in City-Wide Organizations (CWOs), organizations like chambers of commerce and coalitions for businesses band together to solve problems that affect entire cities. National NGOs (NGOs) like the YMCA and NRA focus on activism that benefits people across the country while International NGOs (INGOs) like Save the Children and the Rockefeller Foundation act on behalf of the entire world. These designations, along with several more-specific quantifiers, help international government organizations and local citizens alike determine the intent of these organizations. After all, not all NGOs are supporting good causes - fortunately, however, most are.

Printable Worksheets, Projects and Forms for Homeschooling

Printable Worksheets, Projects and Forms for Homeschooling Printables by Subject: Fine Arts | Language Arts | Math | Science | History | Geography |P.E., Health, Safety Nutrition | Misc. Themes | Holidays | Homeschool Forms Printable worksheets for your students. Add these free printable worksheets, activity pages and coloring pages to your homeschool day for variety and fun. Holidays Printable Worksheets: Back to School PrintablesBlack History Month - Famous FirstsChristmas Symbols PrintablesTwelve Days of Christmas Printables12 Days of Christmas Coloring BookSanta and Other Traditions PrintablesChristmas - Nativity PrintablesCinco de MayoColumbus Day PrintablesEarth DayEasterEaster - religiousFathers Day Coupon Book and PrintablesFlag Day PrintablesFourth of JulyGroundhog Day PrintablesHalloween PrintablesHanukkahKwanzaaLabor Day PrintablesMardi Gras PrintablesMartin Luther King, Jr PrintablesMemorial Day PrintablesMothers Day Coupon Book and PrintablesNew Years PrintablesPassoverPresidents Day:~ George Washington~ Abraham LincolnSt Patricks DayThanksgiving PrintablesValentines DayVeterans Day PrintablesWomens History Month - Famous Firsts Fine Arts: Grandma Moses Coloring PageMusic Basics PrintablesMusical Instruments Printable Coloring Book Printable Homeschool Forms: Â  Printable Coloring Calendars 2011/12 School Year - August 2011 to July 2012Coloring Calendars 2011 - January - DecemberHomeschool Record Keeping FormsMy Kindergarten PortfolioMy Memory BookScience Report FormsSpecial Needs Forms Geography Printable Worksheets: Geography PrintablesAlabamaAlaskaArizonaArkansasCaliforniaColoradoConnecticutDelawareFloridaGeorgiaHawaiiIdahoIllinoisIndianaIowaKansasKentuckyLouisianaMaineMarylandMassachusettsMichiganMinnesotaMississippiMissouriMontanaNebraskaNevadaNew HampshireNew JerseyNew MexicoNew YorkNorth CarolinaNorth DakotaOhioOklahomaOregonPennsylvaniaRhode IslandSouth CarolinaSouth DakotaTennesseeTexasUtahVermontVirginiaWashingtonWest VirginiaWisconsinWyomingNunavut Health, Safety Nutrition Printable Worksheets: Dental HealthEat Your Vegetables History Printable Worksheets: Abraham LincolnBenjamin FranklinBlack History Month - Famous FirstsCaptain John Smith Coloring PageCivil WarConestoga WagonFirst Ladies of the U.S. Coloring PagesGeorge WashingtonJohnny Appleseed PrintablesLascaux Cave Paintings Coloring PageMark Antony Coloring PageMartin Luther King, Jr.Medieval TimesNative Americans of North America PrintablesNative American Research and Display FormsPaul BunyanPioneer LifePresidential ElectionPresidential InaugurationPresidents of the United States Worksheets and Coloring PagesRoute 66 Unit and Printables - Fantastic addition to the movie CarsUncle Sam Coloring PageWomens History Month - Famous Firsts Language Arts Printable Worksheets: Alphabet Coloring BooksHandwriting Practice PagesBiography Lesson Plan;Blog Writing ProjectDr SeussParts of Speech Math Printable Worksheets: Counting Pennies and NickelsCounting Dimes, Quarters and Half-dollarsAddition and Multiplication TablesTelling Time to the HourTelling Time to the Half HourTelling Time to the Quarter HourTelling Time to 10 minutes, 5 minutes, and 1 minuteTime Passage to the Hour, Half-hour, and Quarter-hour Physical Education Printable Worksheets: Aquatics: Diving, Swimming, Synchronized Swimming, Water PoloArcheryAthleticsBadmintonBaseballBasketballBoxingCanoe/KayakCyclingEquestrianFencingFootballGymnasticsHandballHockeyJudoMarathon Race Coloring PageModern PentathlonRowingSailingShootingSoftballTable TennisTaekwondoTennisTriathlonVolleyballWeightliftingWrestlingWalking LogWinter OlympicsWinter Olympics Coloring PagesYo-yo Unit and Printables Science Printable Worksheets: Science Report FormsBees PrintablesBirds PrintablesCreepy CrawliesDinosaur PrintablesEarthquake PreparednessAlbert EinsteinMagnetsNewtons Laws of MotionSimple MachinesSimple Machines Coloring BookReptiles Reptiles Coloring BookSolar System VolcanoWeather Seasons: SpringSummerFallWinter Sea Animals: Clam Printables; Clams Unit StudyCrab Printables; Crabs Unit StudyDolphin Printables; Dolphin Unit StudyEel Printables; Eel Unit StudyJellyfish Printables; Jellyfish Unit StudyLobster Printables; Lobster Unit StudyManatee Printables; Manatee Unit StudyOctopus Printables; Octopus Unit StudyRay Printables; Rays Unit StudySeahorse Printables; Seahorse Unit StudySea Turtle Printables; Sea Turtle Unit StudyShark PrintablesSytarfish Printables; Starfish Unit StudyWhale Printables; Whales Unit Study Travel and Transportation: Camping PrintablesStudebaker Cars Coloring PageTrains Coloring BookTrains PrintablesTravel Activity BookTravel Bingo Unit Study Printable Worksheets: Fire Prevention PrintablesMaple Syrup PrintablesKids Surveys - Surveys for Kids by KidsLets Play LibraryLets Play RestaurantLets Play StoreMy Kindergarten PortfolioMy Memory Book

Is the identification of the problem half of its resolution Essay

Is the identification of the problem half of its resolution - Essay Example The aim of entire project and paper is to bring about improvements in the practices and approaches of the nursing staff through use of various updated modules and tools and educational kits. Key issue/s to be addressed: Identification of improvement processes pertaining to the various ranks of nursing staff employed in the hospital. Having observed that the bulk of the population of nurses are either fresh graduates or have little or no field experience, therefore it is being felt that it is the ripe time to enhance their abilities and promote good nursing staff for the future days. Secondly having spent some time in number of medical healthcare places, the need was felt to improve the working practices of the nursing staff and bring about more affectivity and efficiency in their practices. The nurse educator should have necessary knowledge of the field along with number of years of experience in the field which will help guiding the nursing students in a proper manner. Experience in any field is vital and there is no replacement for experience, hence in the field of nursing, expert trainers and educators must be in place to accomplish the project of improvements in the nursing field (Fulton & Lyon, 2009). : The clinical coaching pertains to the in depth field associated teaching and training. It allows imparting the knowledge of technical aspects of the field and operations and patients (Gardner & Suplee, 2010). Target Population:Â  The scheme of action is to be implemented at a clinical ward in Perth W. Australia by the Staff development nurse. The direct focus of attention will be nursing team at different levels. With so many changes and improvements at door step, there is need for implementing effective improvement based training. Starting from the very fresh and with zero experience to others with considerable experience in the field but in need of up gradation in terms of the knowledge and tools and techniques. Key stakeholders/Audience: The guidelines will focus on training the new comers, and providing the updated knowledge tips to the experienced ones and those who are working at different levels in the middle ranks with in the clinical ward. Since different kinds of cases are faced in everyday activities inside the clinical ward, the knowledge should be broad based and should keep in view the variable nature of treatments and variable nature of patients and other circumstances (Mason, Isaacs, & Colby, 2011). Use of Tools: Mentorship and coaching are used as tools for the purpose of improvement in the hospital environment. While improvement is an incremental process and takes place in different steps, there must be a measuring procedure that ensures that the transformation process holds its place and results are seen. To determine the results that are desired, proper tools and techniques in form of mentor guidance and coaching manuals serve the purpose of improvement.. Verbal and written tests can be conducted along with the pr esentations which will evaluate the level of knowledge gained and the level of improvements needed. On behalf of the level of improvement in the teaching team, surveys and questionnaires serve the purpose of evaluation a great deal, the students should be asked to fill the questionnaires that would focus on identifying the level of improvements post improvement processes initiation (Tan & Sheps, 1998). Role of Mentor/ Mentorship as a tool: The mentor plays a vital role in the life of fresh students who have just come to the practical field.